Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease of the retina that affects the macula – the central area responsible for sharp, detailed vision needed for reading, writing, and recognizing faces. It is one of the most common retinal diseases in people over the age of 50.
There are two main types of AMD – dry and wet forms.
Dry Form
The dry form is the most common, affecting about 9 out of 10 AMD patients.
The disease progresses slowly, over months or years. It leads to the gradual loss of retinal cells and the buildup of small deposits called drusen.
Symptoms
- Blurred or grayish spot in the center of the visual field
- Difficulty reading or doing close-up work
- Poor vision in dim light
- Peripheral (side) vision remains unaffected
Treatment
Currently, there is no cure that can completely stop the progression of the dry form.
Recommended:
- Nutritional supplements rich in antioxidants based on AREDS studies (vitamins C, E, zinc, copper, lutein, zeaxanthin)
- Avoid smoking and protect eyes from sunlight
- Eat a diet rich in leafy greens and fish
- Attend regular eye check-ups, as the dry form can develop into the wet form
Wet Form
The wet form is less common but responsible for most cases of severe central vision loss.
It occurs when abnormal new blood vessels grow under the retina, leaking fluid or blood, which causes macular swelling and sudden vision deterioration.
Symptoms
- Straight lines appear wavy or distorted (e.g., door frames, lines of text)
- A dark spot appears in the center of vision
- Sudden loss of visual sharpness in one eye
- Peripheral vision remains intact
Treatment
The wet form is treated with injections of anti-VEGF agents (such as ranibizumab, aflibercept, brolucizumab) administered directly into the eye.
These medications stop the growth of new blood vessels and help reduce macular swelling.
Treatment is most effective when started early, so it is crucial to see an ophthalmologist immediately after any sudden change in vision.
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